ANBAR JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Field experiment was conducted in gypsiferous desert soil in western desert of Iraq/ to the west of Baghdad 260km. at the season 2003-2004 to study the response of wheat (Ebba-99 ) to integrated nutrition and the method of nutrient application under center pivot sprinkler irrigation system. Experiment consisted of seven treatments which were : Control, chemical fertilization treatment according to the recommendation of ministry of agriculture 160 kg./hec.DAP +300Kg./hec.( 33.6kg P/hec., 160 kg N/hec.)Urea.Ferrous and Zinc sulfate were used at rate 4 kg./hec. With water plus to the fertilizer recommendation Also DAP was used with water or soil besides fertilizer recommendation at the same levels. Treatments were distributed according to completely randomized design with three replicates for experimental units with area300 m2 .Measurements were carried out after 50,100 days and at harvesting which consisted of morphological properties like number branches, plant height, leaf area, dry weight , number of spikes , number of grains in spike , weight of 1000 grain , biological yield, grain yield and harvesting index. Same physiological and qualitative properties were estimated that are chlorophyll a,b and total , carbohydrate, protein, total nitrogen ,available phosphorus in soil and plant. Also water use efficiency was calculated.
Results showed that Fe+ Z n+ DAP with water achieved significant increasing in yield which was 3250 kg./hec with increasing percentage 15.6% as compared with recommended fertilization.The followed treatment was (Fe+Zn+DAP with soil) with significant increasing percentage 12.45%.The highest percentage of carbohydrate and protein in grains were corresponded by treatment (Fe+Zn+DAP with water and soil) and ranged between 112.5-106.6 gm./ plant for carbohydrate and between 17.5-19.3% for protein . All treatments conserved good level cover the requirement of plant from nitrogen in soil to age 100 days without control treatment. But for phosphorous the decreasing appeared under minimum limits which cover plant requirement after 50 days. That is mentioned the importance of phosphorous application with water at stages after 50 days. It will be concluded the importance of fertilization with more than recommended rates by ministry of agriculture under gypsiferous soils conditions and adding the elements with water after age 50 days.

This study was condacted to evaluate the influence of some bacrial inoculated usage as( Azotobacter spp,Streptomyces spp and Pseudomonas spp) on the remining substrate of Oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus (jacq).fr.) after crop cycle completed and determining usage it in animal feeding or as an organic fertilizer .

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The results indicated that the best protein contents after crop cycle completed was in mixture 2,mixture3and sunflower substrates inoculated by Az. 9.9%,9.9%and 9.2% respectively , this increased in protein contents causes an enhensment C/N ratio in all substrates ,the best one was sunflower waste substracte inoculated by Az. 1:13 while in wheat straw , corn cobs , mixture 1,2 and 3 substreates were 1:14.8, 1:14.6, 1:15.1, 1:13.1 and 1:15.1 respectivly when were befor P.ostreatus cultivated. 1:44, 1:39, 1:36, 1:37, 1:35 and 1:32.5 respectivly.
On other hand bacterial amendements usage causes to reduced phenolic substances percentage on spent wastes which was 0.119% on wheat straw inoculated by Az. or St. , where highly phenolic substances percentage 0.135% and 0.131% obtaind on mixture inoculated by Az. and St. , Microbiol densty was enhancement in all substrates which were used in this study ,this characetr led to used it agood organic fertilizer .

Field and Ladrotary investigations of four key soil series of different topograpgic / geomorphic location (foot slope-teo slope), (concave-convex) complex slopes (8%-3%). Geograpgical direction of slope fromeast to west in Al-Gaara depression were studied.
Chemical and physical properties were studied. Results of particals size distribiution were used in application some criteria to discover natural development of B horizon and uniformity value in these soil series.
Morphological characteristics results showed found B horizon which differs in pedoginc development as (thikness, colour, structure, and clay filme) at the longe of slope and this pedogenic development in creased in teoslpe that (143SCE, 132SCE) soil series. All the ratio parameters of B horizon development showed the movement and translocation of collides in horizons of these series in teo slop fllowed by foot slope.
Uniformity value showed lithological discontinuity which are not investigated in the field. This differences could be due to in situe pedogenicprocesses resulting from the differences in total rainfull variation, seasonal fluctuation in moisture regim and sedimentary processes.

Field experiment was carriedout in the seasons of 2002 – 2003 and 2003 – 2004 at the fieldsof Saqlawala Zone to study the effects of gigh levels from nitrogen fertilizer of (80 – 160 – 240) kg N / ha on growth, yield components, grain yield of triticale, the experiment was designed according to R.C.B.D. with four replication. Significant differences were found for all characteries in two seasons. The highest plant height, number of tillers, ieaf area and ieaf area index of 120 day, 132.19, 241.47, 125.15 and 3.29 respectively was obtained from treatment (240) kg N / ha and aiso give the maximum numder of spikes, numder of graim per spike, weight of thousand grains / g, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index 201.75, 76.05, 38.93 gm, 13333.07 kg / ha, 4600.48 kg / ha and 34.92 % respectively for both seasons 2002 – 2003 and 2003 –2004.

Field experiment was carriedout in the seasons of 2000 – 2001 and 2001 - 2002 at the fields of Saqlawaia Zone to study the effect of seeding rateS (100 - 160 - 220) kg/ha on growth and grain yield triticale. The experiment was designed according to RCBD with four replication .Significant differenceswere found for some characteries for both seasons and the mean of two seasons such as the plant height, number of tiller, ieaf area and leaf area index, numder of spikes, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index, but no significant differences detween numder of grain per spike, weight of 1000 graibs (g), The seeding rate (220) kg/ha gave the highest plant height, numder of tillers, numder of spike, biological yield, grain yield in both seasons and the mean of two seasons.
The seeding rate (220) kg/ha gave biological yield (16476.87) kg/ha and grain yield (4939.79) kg/ha.

A field trial was conducted during winter season of (2004 / 2005) in Al-Jazeera / Al-Hamdhiya / Anbar province in loam soil to study the response of six cultivars of barley (Samir, Shua'a, Twaitha, Warka, Aml and Al-Hadra) to planting dates. The studied traits were no.tilleres, plant height, no.plants / plot, no.leaves, leaf area (cm2), dry weight (g) and flag leaf area (cm2). The experiment was arranged according to split plots desing with six replicates, including planting dates as main plots and cultivars as sub-plots. The experiment was statistically analysed according to analysis of variance and LSD was used for comparing means at probability of 5%. The following results were obtained:
The first date (15 / 11 / 2004) was superior in all studied traits except no.plant / plot which is not significantly different as compared with the second date . The mean results were 24.80, 103.76, 6.65, 45.50 cm2, 1.53g and 26.30 for no.sprouts / plant, plant height, no. leaves, leaf area, dry weight and flag leaf area, respectiveiy.
Warka cultivar was superior in no.sprouts, plant height (cm) and leaf area (cm2), which were 33.60, 107.87, and 49.22 respectively. Aml cultivar was superior in no.leaves, no.plants / plot and dry weight (g) which were 7.03, 54.25 nd 136.61 g, respectively, while "shua'a" cultivar was superior in flag leaf area which was 27.18cm2 .

The experiment was carried out in college of agric. Baghdad Univ. during 2001, 2002 seasons, to study the effect of (7) different culture substrates on the growth and flowering of normal and disbudded plants. The results indicated that, disbudded plants grown in different mixtures of substrate increased both stem length, dry weight of flowers, and the contents of leaves and flower stems from N , P and K. On the other side number of flowers, dry weight of flower stem were increased in budded plants grown in different substrate. In most cases, the best substrate for carnation was peatmoss which resulted in increasing total number of flowers / plant and calcareous soil which produced the flower stem. Generally, peatmoss, mixture of clay + peatmoss or sand + peatmoss were the favorable substrate for the growth of carnation plants.

The influence of three package types and storage temperature (5 c , 10 c , 15 c) on the weight loss , physiological disorders , fungi decay and chemical composition of Mandrin fruits during the storage period were studied .
Results indicated that polyethylene package , significantly decreased weight loss and physiological disorders , but significantly increased fungi decay caused by Penicillium spp. compared with control treatment .
The weight loss , physiological disorders and fungi decay were significantly increased by increasing the number of holes in polyethylene packages. Fruits stored at 5 C had significantly less weight loss , physiological disorders and less fungi decay as compared with those stored at 10 C and 15 C . Fruit juice content vitamin C and acidity percentage were significantly decreased when temperature or storage period was increased ; while total soluble solids was increased . All the above parameters were decreased when fruits were stored in polyethylene bags , compared with control treatment .

This study was conducted during the season of 2002-2003 at Latifia Research station, the general company for horticulture and forestry, on Papaya Cv. Honey Dew. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative growth under the plastic house as affected by the treatments with Paclobutrazol and NPK nutrient.
A blends of 0: 0: 0 NPK , 10: 10: 10 NPK and 20: 10: 10 g/plant NPK were added three times. The Paclobutrazol was added at three levels 0, 1, 1.5 g/plant at the anthesis stage. A factorial experiment with (RCBD) was used .
The results showed a successful plant growth under plastic house with the ability to modifying the height of the plant and its vegetative growth.Treatment(1.5gm paclobutrazol with the combination 10:10:20 gm NPK )gave the highest charbohydrate ratio and chlorophyll with lowest plant length at the first flower opening ( 12.12% , 42.33 microgram / mm2 , 125.95cm) for these parameters respectively.

This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture , University of Baghdad / Abu-Ghraib during Autumn 2002 to study the effect of foliar sprays with three levels of nitrogen ( 0, 10, 20 gm / N / L) using Urea as a source for the nitrogen on varities of Jujube (Ziatuny and Tuffahi) while belong to the species Z. mauritiana and the other three varieties (Bambawi, Mallasii and Bathri) which belong to the species Z. spinachristi.

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Randomized Complete Block Design were adapted with three replicate .
The results can be summarized as follows:
The Zaituny varity gave the highest stem length and diameter and the hargest angle between the stem and the branches and the highest percentage of dry weight and nitrogen content of leaves and the roots dry weights.
Al-Batheri varity gave the highest branches on the mainstem, largest number of leaves and leaf area of the plant and the number and length of thorn.
The Tufahi varity gave the lowest total area and the highest root length and diameter , while the highest leaf area was in Bambawi varity.
Using 20 g / L nitrogen gave the highest length and diameter of main stem, number of branches on main stem, their length, angle width, number of leaves, leaf area, total leaf area per plant and highest length and diameter of main roots.
The interaction between varities and fertilizer treatments have the significant effects on the studied characteristics.

This study was conducted in tissue culture laboratory , Department of Horticulture , College of Agriculture , University of Baghdad , Many experiments were carried out to study the effect of different growth regulators like cytokinins , Auxins and adenine sulphate at different concentration when used in growth media for Z. mauritiana in the laboratory.
Branches with 1-1.5 cm length was cultured in test tubes with MS media which specially used for multiplication . The test tubes were incubated in growth camber at 25 C.
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Number and length of branches where recorded after 6 weeks from culturing in all experiments.
Randomized Complete Block Design with ten replicate were used to compare the results examined by Duncan test at 5% level of significant.
The results can be summarized as follow :
There are a possibility of multiplication and formation of many branches from one cultured branch.
Culturing branches in MS media with BA at 2.0 mg/L and NAA at 0.1 mg/L in which 3.0 branches with 4.1 cm length.
Adding adenine sulphate at different concentration significantly increased the number and length of branches formed. 4.2 branches with 5.2 cm length were formed when adenine sulphate at a concentration of 40 mg/L.

This study was conducted during growth season in privet farm (10)km from south east of Falluja beside Euphraties river bank in loamy –caly soil , to study the effect of three levels of potassium fertilizer (10, 60 and 120) Kg K2O / dm and two direction of row ( direction paralele to the sun light from the east to the west and on vertical direction to the sun light ) on the growth and yield of potato CV. Desiree using split – plot design the experiment results showed a significant increase in plant height and total yield of 51.09 cm and 8.63 ton / dm . Potassium at the rate of 120Kg K2O / dm with dire row direction paralele to sun light significantly increased tubers hydrogen and phosphorus content up to 2.397% and 1.145 % respectively , while using K2O at rate of 120Kg K2O /dm and row vertical direction to the sun light significantly increased tubers potassium content up to 5.79 % .

A field experiment was conducted at the IPA Field Crops Research Station, Abu – Graib during 2002 season and at Experimental Field, Department of Field Crop Science, College of Agricultur , Abu – Graib during 2004 season.
The objective of this research was to study the effect of six levels of foliar potassium application 500 ppm at start of flowering and 500 ppm at start of boll development, 1000 ppm at start of flowering and 1000 ppm at start of boll development, 1500 ppm at start of flowering and 1500 ppm at start of boll development, 2000 ppm at start of flowering and 2000 ppm at start of boll development, 2500 ppm at start of flowering and 2500 ppm at start of boll development, 3000 ppm at start of flowering and 3000 ppm at start of boll development in additional to control treatment (without spray) on seed cotton yield, lint yield and lint quality of cotton var. Cocker 310. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications.
The results indicated that highest response of Cocker 310 c.v . to increasing potassium foliar application was by 3000 ppm at start of flowering and 3000 ppm at start of boll development, it gave asignificant increasing in the number of sympodia, number of open bolls, boll weight, seed cotton yield, dry matter ,lint yield and fiber strength as compared to control in both seasons. While seed , number/boll, fiber length and fiber fineness did not significantly affected by all the level of potassium applied on the two season.

This study was conducted at a private vineyard located in Abu-Ghraib/ Baghdad during 2003 and 2004 growing season to investigate the characterization of the F1 hybrid which produced by crossing between Alabbasi and Thompson seedless CV. and compared with the parents.
The main results of the study can be summarized as follow:
1. The hybrid and its parents differ in their date of fruit maturity, the ripeness earlier than the parents and the differences was ranged from 5-15 days in the first season and 7-16 days in the second season.
2. Alabbasi cv showed significant increased in yield quantity for both seasons except the F1/2 hybrid in the second season. Also Alabbasi cv resulted in a high significant increased with Thompson seedless and the hybrid for both seasons, while F1/1 hybrid gave lowest average weight of cluster for both seasons. Thompson seedless cv showed the highest average in number of cluster per vine for both seasons and significantly higher than F1/1 hybrid which resukted in a lower number of cluster/vine for both seasons.
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3. There was a significant increase in average of berries size and weight of 100 berries and berries firmness in Alabbasi cv as compared with Thompson seedless and hybrid for both seasons.

Genitalia of 405 local and cross breed cows were from Al- Ramadi abattoir , during the period from July , 1999 to Feb , 2000 . The aim of the study was determined to investigate the biometrical dimensions of the female genitalia of cows . The percentage of pregnancy was 6.2% ( 25/465 ) .The average dimension and weight of right ovary was greater than that of the left one . The average in pregnant genitalia were 2.64 ± 0.41 cm , 1.93 ± 0.45 cm , 1.59 ± 0.53 cm , and 5.34 ± 2.62 gm for the right ovary and for the left one were 2.72 ± 0.48 cm , 14.4 ± 0.48 cm , 1.59 ± 0.45 cm , and 4.81 ± 2.78 gm.
The type of pregnancy were single in all pregnant samples . The sex of the fetus was male in 72.2% of the pregnant genitalia . The early pregnancy showed in 80% of the samples.
The average dimension and weight of the right ovary in non-pregnant genitalia were 2.67± 0.53 cm , 1.93 ± 0.46 cm , 0.44 ± 0.48 cm , and 4.31 ± 2.22 gm and 1.36 ± 0.34 cm , and 3.76 ± 1.79 gm .
The average length of both right and left oviduct were record to be 21.31 ± 3.36 cm , 20.75 ± 3.16 cm respectively . The average length of both right and left uterine horns were recorded to be 20.05 ± 3.38 cm , 20.24 ± 4.43 cm respectively , while the length of both uterine body and cervix were 1.69 ± 0.69 cm and 3.99 ± 0.88 cm respectively .

Genitalia of 405 local and cross breed cows were collected from Al- Ramadi abattoir, during the period from July, 1999 to Feb, 2000. The aim of the study was determined to know the anatomical and pathological abnormalities effected the female genitalia in cows. The percentage of pregnancy was 6.2% ( 25/465 ).
The incidence of genital abnormalities was observed in 20.99 % (85/405) of the specim. The abnormalities were formed 0.99 % form pregnant genitalia, includes; ovarobusal adhesions 0.74 % and mummified fetus 0.25 %.
The abnormalities of non-pregnant genitalia includes; paraovarian cyst ( 7.16% ), cystic C. L.( 0.99% ), ovarian hypoplasia ( 0.99% ) follicular cystic ovaries ( 0.25% ), Male-Pseudohermapherdite ( 0.25% ), patencey of the oviduct ( 0.49% ), metritis (1.98% ). Uterine aplasia ( 0.49% ), hydrometra ( 0.25% ) uterine abcess ( 0.25% ), infantile genitalia ( 0.25% ), double cervicalos ( 0.49% ) and Double cervix ( 0.25% ).
It was concluded form this study that female genitalia showed high incidence of abnormalities which may affected fertility of the cow.

Four yearling Awassi rams where used in three indirect digestion trials to determine the nutrients digestion coefficient in potato steams and date palm leaves, they were mixed with grinded barley grains.
Potato steams were higher (P<0.05) than date palm leaves in digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein , crude fat , crude fiber , nutrient free extract, organic matter and total digestibility nutrients and they were 74.8, 79.6 , 86.1 , 70.3 , 77.4 , 76.9 and 62.6% respectively.
However urea treated date palm leaves showed higher (p<0.05) means in above criteria than untreated and they were 48 , 20.5 , 54 , 59.5 , 53.3 , 50 and 48% versus 37, 1.5 , 57.8 , 44 , 42 , 35.5 and 39.3 % respectively.
It was concluded from this study the possibility of using these by-products plants as roughage in ruminant rations without having adverse effects when used with barley grain, because they have an accepted nutrients digestibility coefficient.

This study was conducted at the Department of Animal Resources , College of Agriculture/ University of Baghdad , to study the effect of soaking the spent hens meat in natural vinegar on its chemical composition and sensory evaluation. The data detained revealed the following:
Soaking breast and thighs meat of the spent hens in natural vinegar for 6 and 12 hours result in highly significant (P<0.01) decrease of moisture of both treatments , at the meantime, significant increase in protein, lipid and ash contents of both treatments were noticed. The decreased in moisture and the increase in protein, lipid and ash contents were noticed to have been increased as the time of soaking increased from 6 to 12 hours. Soaking both breast and thigh meats of spent hens in vinegar was shown to enhanced significantly (P<0.01) their tenderness, flavor and acceptability, whereas, juiciness was shown to decreased, due to moisture bees which increased as the soaking time increased from 6 to 12 hours. Due to karamel pigment in the vinegar used the color of the soaking meat was turned into dark brown with acidic flavor.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination of chicken carcasses produced from some local slaughterhouses in Baghdad which had contract with the Ministry of Agriculture . Samples from machin , apparatus and worker hands for bacterial count were also studed befor and through processing work during summer 2001 and 2002 . Samples from nine different capacity slaughterhouses and from more than one visit for each to estimating total bacterial count ( TBC ) and coliform count ( CC ) as an indicators for bacterial contamination . Data obtained revealed the following results :
Al-Biader slaughterhouse produced chicken carcasses with low TBC and CC after picking , eviscerating and chilling also TBC and CC were low on machines , apparatus and worker hands samples . Whereas Al-Doura slaughterhouse had the highest level of contamination through processing steps . In the mean time TBC were low in scalding and chilling water samples compared with standerds . Al- Rafidain slaughterhouse had the highest bacterial contamination befor working which indicated poor cleaning proceder applied , in the opposite of Al-Hurria slaughterhouse which had the lowest bacterial count on the surface of its machines and apparatus befor working . The level of bacterial contamination were relatively rare at the other slaughterhouses .

A study was carried out to determine the influence of supplementation different levels ( Zero , 0.25 , 0.50 , 1.00 , 1.50 and 2.00 % ) of Urtica dioica on body and organs weight of Fawbroo broilers.
Result revealed that body weight was reduced (P<0.05) in birds supplemented with 1.50% of U. dioica (1.45 ±0>05 kg) in comparison with the other levels. Higher and lower (P<0.0002) relative liver weights were demonstrated in birds treated with 0.50 ( 34.68±1.17 gm/kg ) and 2.00% ( 26.90 ± 0.70gm/kg ) of U. dioica respectively. Relative kidney weight was greater (P<0.05) in birds supplemented with 1.00% compared with zero% of U. dioica ( 8.3 ± 0.39 vs 7.16 ± 0.26 gm/kg ).
On the other hand relative spleen weight was increased (P<0.05) while decreased (P<0.05)in birds treated with 0.25 (2.03 ± 0.09 gm/kg) and 2.00 of U. dioica ( 1.46 ± 0.10 gm/kg ) respectively . No significant effect of U. dioica was observed on relative heart and bursa gland weights. Higher relative fat weight ( P These data supported our previous results that supplementation of broilers with high levels ( 1.50-2.00 % ) of U. dioica had a negative significant effect on body and some organs ( liver and spleen ) weight. However , low levels ( 0.25 – 0.50 % ) of U. dioica had a benefits on some productive traits of broilers.

This study was conducated at libraries of agric. college, university of baghdad, by using therty local hens aged 26 & 75 week.
The hens were slughtered, scaldis and evisacrated to magor & secondly pecies and after that all these, pecies were weighted and chemically analysis.
The resultes andicted there were siginificunt increase for live weight carcass, dressing percenteg, relateve weight of liver & abdomal fat, splean & pencrease.

Beet pulp, the byproduct of sugar industry was in a nutritional and growth experiment this used experiment determine the possibility of using the pulp in the diet of common carp cyprinus carpio L as a source of carbohydrate instead of yellow corn, barley and wheat bran.
Beet pulp was used in the experimental diets by 10% and 20% for the second (T2) and third (T3) treatments respectively. A treated (BP) with beaker yeast was used in the fourth (10%) and the fifth (20%) treatments. The first experimental diet (T1) left with out BP as a control. diet. The fish were feed by 3% of its weight divided on three times a day, during the period between 15/4/2005-2/7/2005 in glass aquariums (60cm×30cm×30cm). A total of 50 fish of 19.51±0.03 gr. were used, with two replicate.
Experimental diets were evaluated according to the average values of final weight, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value. Results indicated that experimental diets with 10% of BP gave good results, specially that with treated BP (T4) which showed no differences between it and T1 (p>0.05). Where as, diets with 20% BP (T2&T5) showed less values for most studied variables. chemical analysis after the and of the experiment, showed of fish bodies an increase in the body moisture and decrease in body fat, as well as little changes in protein content were obtained . However, blood hemoglobin (HB) and pached cell volume (PCV) of T3&T5 were less then that of T2&T4 and these were lower than that of T1.

Abid A. Thaker* and Rashid M. Rashid**
*Department of Biology - College of Science / University of Al-Anbar
**Department of Biology - College of education / University of Al-Anbar

Abstract
The clam Unio tigridis was exposed to three concentrations of cadmium 1,1.5 and 2 ppm for 7 days. At the end of exposure period, the animals were dissected and the target organs were removed. The effect of cadmium on the protein and three enzymes were studied. The results showed that, the total protein concentrations were changed randomly with the increase or decrease of cadmium concentration. The amount of protein increased in some organs such as the mantle, gills, kidney in the concentration of 1 ppm, and the kidney and liver in the concentration of 2 ppm,while the amount of
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protein decreased in the mantle at the concentration of 2 ppm, and in the liver at the concentration of 1 ppm. Electrophoresis of protein revealed the appearance of new bands, two bands in the gills in the concentration of 1.5 ppm, and disappearance of two bands in the mantle in all concentrations. The exposure to cadmium also causes decrease or increase in the density of some bands. The cadmium also caused changes in the activity of the alkaline phosphatase, GOT and GPT enzymes irregularly (either increase or decrease) depending on the clam organs. The activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased in all organs and through all concentrations, excluding the kidney , the activity of enzyme was increased at the concentration of 1 ppm .

Four groups of albino mice Mus musculus were given drinking water containing 25,50,75 and 100%(v/v) of the liquid effluents for two months , the fifth group were given tap water as a control experiments in order to determine the effect of effluents on some reproductive aspects.The results were as follows :
1- The fertility degree has been significantly decreased as a result of increase in the concentration of polluted water .
2- A significant reduction in the number and weight of embryo, and a significant increase in the percentage of dead embryo for each female has been found with increase in the percentage of polluted water .
3- A significant reduction in the number of births and their weights for each female with increase in the percentage of liquid effluents.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of zinc on immunity, by use some immunological tests about humeral and cellular immunity. 18 guinea pigs put in three Groups (6 animals for each Group). the first group take a zinc (0.08 milligram),while the second take (0.16).the last treatment take a distill water as a control. (The doses given daily by stomach tube for tow months). ELISA test used to determine the antibodies level after vaccination with S typhi vaccine, Therese significant difference in response of different treatments compare to control, where this difference not found between treatments. The delayed type hypersensitivity test show that the highest effect is for treatment with Zn1 more than Zn2. Also with the phagocytic activity, highest phagocytic rate in treatment with Zn1. this effect decrease with heightened the dose. The macrophage migration inhibition test shows a significant difference in effect of zinc in compare with control.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the selenium on immunity, used some immunological tests in humoral and cellular immunity.. eighteen guinea pigs were divided in to three Groups(6 animals for each Group).the 1st group (S1) supplied with a selenium (0.02 milligram) ,the 2nd group(S2) supplied with (0.04 milligram). 3rd group served as a control group received distills water instead. (Animals were treated daily with these minerals using stomach tube for two months).The serological test used to evaluate antibody level was ELISA test. Animals were immunized with S typhi antigens, Animals respond to S typhi antigen. Significant differences were detected in the treated group in comparison with the control. on the other hand no significant differences were seen between treated groups . Selenium showed significant effect on cell-mediated immunity in vivo as detected for delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, this effect was supported by an in vitro test using migration inhibition assay (MIF).

Tissue sections under light microscope shows differences in the effect selenium on the liver. A wide range of precipitates for mineral was detected in the cells. Some effects with abnormal architecture, irregular nuclear membrane and abnormal mitochondria were detected under electron microscopy in the S1 group. This electron microscope picture was more intensified in S2 group. Some cells looked with a cancer cell appearance.

The oxygen consumption rates )ml O2 /gm/ hr) of fresh water clam Unio tigridis were measured at different temperatures, the oxygen consumption increased significantly with dry tissue weight (gm ) of U. tigridis at all studied temperatures.The oxygen consumption rates for six size classes ranged between 0.5904 and 1.8603 ( ml O2 /gm / hr) with the correlation coefficient r= 0.92.The temperatures had significant effect on oxygen consumption ,the relation was highly significant ( r= 0.97 ) , Oxygen consumption rates ranged between 1.1663 , 1.4914 (mlO2 /gm / hr) at temperatures 15 ,35C respectively.Temperature Coefficient(Q10) was at its highest values in the temperature range ( 25 – 35 C) compared with its values at ( 15 – 25 C ) temperature range for all size classes , while Q 10 was at the highest value at lower dry tissue weight and decreased with the increase of dry tissue weight at all studied temperature ranges.

As wellknown that P. aeruginosa are opportinastic pathogen bacteria. 100 samples were collected from citrus (Leaves, Stalks and Fruits) and studied for the existence of P. aeruginosa . Results indicated That (27%) of samples were positive for P. aeruginosa. There is no difference in susceptibility of P. aeruginosa of different sources towards antibiotic (Cefotaxime, Gentamycin, Amoxicillin, Cephalexine and Colistin). Also results showed three groups of resistance. The first group was 100% while the resistance of Amoxicillin, Colistin and Cephalexine was 60 % for the second and the third groups which were sensitive for Gentomycin and Cefotaxime.