Authors
1
General Company for Agricultural Supplies/ Ministry of Agriculture/IRAQ
2
Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
3
Center of Desert studies _ University of Anbar
4
Agriculture Research Directorate _ Ministry of Science and Technology
5
College of Agriculture _ University of Anbar
,
Document Type : Research Paper
Abstract
In order to screening 21 genotypes of wheat introduced by Ministry of Science and Technology and suitable to arid and semi-arid regions in addition to three registered cultivars (IRAQ, Al Diyar and Al Mahmodia). The experiment conducted according to RCBD with three replications for each genotype. The results showed that there are new promising genotypes for plant breeding programs from the introduced genotypes and planted in the second season in row in the western region of Iraq. In addition to the possibility of registering some of them after confirming their productivity for next seasons under such conditions. The genotypes varied in their content of antioxidant enzymes, the cultivar IRAQ was superior over all genotypes especially when it gave highest activity of CAT, SOD and AO (40.18, 205.03 and 56.62 U g-1 FW min-1 respectively) followed by genotype 39. While the other genotypes showed low activity of the antioxidant enzymes and this confirms the fact that genotypes also might be varied in their chemical composition and metabolisms. The genotype 4 was superior in fertility ratio (3.09%) compared to genotype 11 that gave lowest ratio while in 1000 grain weight it was observed that genotype 18 gave highest average over other genotypes (59.47 g) and genotype 31 gave the highest average of yield in hectare. According to the genotypes that can be nominated to be used in further breeding programs are 4, IRAQ, 9, 25, 29, 30 and 39.
- Aebi, H. (1984). [13] Catalase in vitro. In Methods in enzymology, 105: 121-126. Academic press.
- Agricultural Statistics Administration- The Central statistics organization/IRAQ (2020). Report of crops and vegetable production. Ministry of Agriculture-IRAQ.
- Agricultural Statistics Administration. The Central statistics organization/IRAQ (2019). Report of crops and vegetable production. Ministry of Agriculture-IRAQ.
- Agricultural Statistics Administration. The Central statistics organization/IRAQ (2017). Report of crops and vegetable production. Ministry of Agriculture-IRAQ.
- Al-Fahdawi, H. M. M., and Almehemdi, A. F. A. (2017). Effect of DAP application on growth and yield characteristics of bread and durum wheat genotypes grown under desert environment. Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies, 7(1): 43-49.
- ALFahdawi, H. M., and Muslih, M. H. (2018). Testing The ability of Soft Wheat Genotypes in The Formation of Tillers. Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies, 8(1): 36-40.
- Al-Jana, M. H. N., Al hamdawi, E. R. S., and Alkifaei, M. H. (2017). Evaluation of new wheat Triticum aestivum L. genotypes under al Muthanna environment. Jornal of Al-Muthanna for Agricultural Sciences, 6(1): 85-92.
- Al-Rawey, K. M., and Khalaf Allah, A. A. M. (2000). Design and analysis the Agricultural tests. Dar Al-kutub for printing and copyrighting, the second print, University of Mosel.
- Banjac, B., Dimitrijević, M., Petrović, S., Mladenov, V., Banjac, D., and Kiprovski, B. (2020). Antioxidant variability of Wheat genotypes under salinity stress in situ. Genetika-Belgrade, 52(3): 1145-1160.
- Calatayud, A., Ramirez, J. W., Iglesias, D. J., and Barreno, E. (2002). Effects of ozone on photosynthetic CO2 exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant systems in lettuce leaves. Physiologia plantarum, 116(3): 308-316.
- Chakraborty, K., Bishi, S. K., Goswami, N., Singh, A. L., and Zala, P. V. (2016). Differential fine-regulation of enzyme driven ROS detoxification network imparts salt tolerance in contrasting peanut genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 128: 79-90.
- Chawla, S., Jain, S., and Jain, V. (2013). Salinity induced oxidative stress and antioxidant system in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cultivars of rice (O ryza sativa L.). Journal of plant biochemistry and biotechnology, 22: 27-34.
- Dhyani, K., Ansari, M. W., Rao, Y. R., Verma, R. S., Shukla, A., and Tuteja, N. (2013). Comparative physiological response of wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress. Plant signaling and behavior, 8(6): 24564.
- Directorate of Agricultural statistics. (2019). Estimation production of Wheat and Barley. Ministry of Planning. Central Organization for Statistics.
- Dwivedi, S. K., Basu, S., Kumar, S., Kumar, G., Prakash, V., Kumar, S., ... and Arora, A. (2017). Heat stress induced impairment of starch mobilisation regulates pollen viability and grain yield in wheat: Study in Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains. Field Crops Research, 206: 106-114.
- Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Rehman, H., and Saleem, B. A. (2008). Seed priming enhances the performance of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by improving chilling tolerance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 194(1): 55-60.
- Gayatri, G., Agurla, S., and Raghavendra, A. S. (2013). Nitric oxide in guard cells as an important secondary messenger during stomatal closure. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4: 425.
- Hameed, A., Bibi, N., Akhter, J., and Iqbal, N. (2011). Differential changes in antioxidants, proteases, and lipid peroxidation in flag leaves of wheat genotypes under different levels of water deficit conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49: 178-185.
- Ighodaro, O. M., and O. A. Akinloye, (2017) First line defense antioxidants -superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defense grid, Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 54: 287-293.
- Kaur, M., Gupta, A. K., & Zhawar, V. K. (2014). Antioxidant response and lea gene expression under exogenous ABA and water deficit stress in wheat cultivars contrasting in drought tolerance. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 23(1), 18–30.
- Mansoor, M. L., Al-Issawi, M. H., and Mhmood, J. N. (2021). Estimation of DREB Gene Expression in Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) Introduced to Anbar Governorate Under Water Stress. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 761(1): 012072.
- Mohammed, A. K., Neama, A. S., Swaid, A. H., Abd Majeed, M. M., and Jaber, T. N. (2020). Effect of Irrigation Period on the Growth and Yield of Cultivars of Bread Wheat. Journal of Education and Scientific Studies, 3: 199-212.
- Pitotti, A., Elizalde, B. E., and Anese, M. (1994). Effect of caramelization and maillard reaction products on peroxidase activity. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 18(6): 445-457.
- Planning and Follow-up in the Ministry of Agriculture. (2019).
- Poudel, M. R., Ghimire, S., Dhakal, K. H., Thapa, D. B., and Poudel, H. K. (2020). Evaluation of wheat genotypes under irrigated, heat stress and drought conditions. Journal of Biology and Today's World, 9(1): 1-12.
- Scott, W. R., and Langer, R. H. M. (1977). A comparison of the pattern of grain set in‘Aotea’and ‘Karamu’wheat. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 20(3): 357-361.
- Schrader, L. E., Ritenour, G. L., Eilrich, G. L., and Hageman, R. H. (1968). Some characteristics of nitrate reductase from higher plants. Plant physiology, 43(6): 930-940.
- Seo, M., Akaba, S., Oritani, T., Delarue, M., Bellini, C., Caboche, M., and Koshiba, T. (1998). Higher activity of an aldehyde oxidase in the auxin-overproducing superroot1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology, 116(2): 687-693.
- Shahbazi, H., Taeb, M., Bihamta, M. R., and Darvish, F. (2009). Inheritance of antioxidant activity of bread wheat under terminal drought stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 6(3): 298-302.
- Sun, X. C., Hu, C. X., and Tan, Q. L. (2006). Effects of molybdenum on antioxidative defense system and membrane lipid peroxidation in winter wheat under low temperature stress. Journal of plant physiology and molecular biology, 32(2): 175-182.
- Wahid, S. A., and Al-Hilfy, I. H. H. (2018). Growth and yield components of some bread wheat cultivars as affected by different sowing dates. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 49(2): 171-178.
- Wali, A. M. (2010). Growth and yield responsibility of five wheat varieties for different method’s application with nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences, 1(2): 96-105.
- Wang, P., Du, Y., Hou, Y. J., Zhao, Y., Hsu, C. C., Yuan, F., ... and Zhu, J. K. (2015). Nitric oxide negatively regulates abscisic acid signaling in guard cells by S-nitrosylation of OST1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(2): 613-618.
- Zhang, M., Hu, C., Zhao, X., Tan, Q., Sun, X., Cao, A., ... and Zhang, Y. (2012). Molybdenum improves antioxidant and osmotic-adjustment ability against salt stress in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis). Plant and soil, 355: 375-383.