Authors
1
Plant Protection Department- College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences- Salahaddin University
2
Plant Protection Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
,
Document Type : Research Paper
Abstract
Sesame is an oil seed crop and is cultivated in many areas of the world, in Iraq, it is being grown especially in the Kurdistan region, including Erbil province. Campylomma verbasci is a piercing and sucking insect found on sesame plants in Erbil city during the summer season cultivation– in 2022. An investigation was carried out in the Grdarasha location within the sesame crop field to collect the above mentioned insect by using an aerial net and aspirator aimed to describe some morphological characters and identify the insect based on molecular techniques to determine genus and species. A set of specified primers were utilized to amplify the mitochondrial gene (COI) barcoding sequence. PCR products successfully resulted in 435bp of target DNA, and the sequence was sent to be sequenced, then the BLAST was performed in NCBI. The homogeneity of the query and subject sequence was very high. The BLAST showed that the sample was C. verbasci and it was the first time (in Iraq) to register these insect sequences in NCBI data reference.
- Abou-Gharbia, H. A., Shehata, A. A. Y., and Shahidi, F. (2000). Effect of processing on oxidative stability and lipid classes of sesame oil. Food research international, 33(5): 331-340.
- Ahmed, H. S. (2022). Biology and ecology of oak leaf moth, Euproctis melania in Erbil Governorate, Iraq. PhD Dissertation, Salahaddin University- Erbil.
- Atakan, E., Pehlivan, S., and Cevdet, K. A. Y. A. (2017). Adana ili susam (Sesamum indicum L.) üretim alanlarında bulunan zararlı ve faydalı türlerin araştırılması. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 7(2): 157-166.
- Bartlett, D. (1996). Feeding and egg laying behaviour in Campylomma verbasci Meyer (Hemiptera: Miridae). Theses (Dept. of Biological Sciences)/ Simon Fraser University.
- Boivin, G. and Stewart, R. K. (1982). Identification and evaluation of damage to McIntosh apples by phytophagous Mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Southwestern Quebec. The Canadian Entomologist, 114(11): 1037-1045.
- Corp, I. (2013). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
- Dai, X., Xun, H., Chang, J., Zhang, J., Hu, B., Li, H., ... and Cai, W. (2012). The complete mitochondrial genome of the plant bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter)(Hemiptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae: Dicyphini). Zootaxa, 3554(1): 30-44.
- Foottit, R. G., and Adler, P. H. (2009). Insect biodiversity: science and society, John Wiley and Sons.
- Hasan, A. F., Begum, S., Furumoto, T., and Fukui, H. (2000). A new chlorinated red naphthoquinone from roots of Sesamum indicum. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 64(4): 873-874.
- Hebert, P. D. N., Stoeckle, M. Y., Zemlak, T. S., and Francis, C. M. (2004). Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS biology, 2(10): 312.
- Jung, S., Duwal, R. K., and Lee, S. (2011). COI barcoding of true bugs (Insecta, Heteroptera). Molecular Ecology Resources, 11(2): 266-270.
- Kain, D. P., and Agnello, A. M. (2013). Relationship between plant phenology and Campylomma verbasci (Hemiptera: Miridae) damage to apple fruit. Environmental entomology, 42(2): 307-313.
- Kambhampati, S., and Smith, P. T. (1995). PCR primers for the amplification of four insect mitochondrial gene fragments. Insect molecular biology, 4(4): 233-236.
- Kim, J., and Jung, S. (2018). COI barcoding of plant bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae). PeerJ, 6: 6070.
- Knight, H. H. (1941). The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 22(1).
- Leonard, D. E. (1965). Atractotomus mali and Campylomma verbasci (Heteroptera: Miridae) on apples in Connecticut. Journal of Economic Entomology, 58(5): 1031-1031.
- Luo, B., Ma, F., Liu, H., Hu, J., Rao, L., Liu, C., ... and Liu, X. (2022). Cell-free DNA methylation markers for differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC medicine, 20: 1-12.
- Mahmalji, M. Z., Almatni, W., Alimad, N., and El-nagar, M. E. (2010). Morphological Study on Campylomma verbasci Meyer-Dure (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Insuranceitt's Classification as Genera and Species. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 88(3): 667-682.
- McBrien, H. L., Judd, G. J. R., and Borden, J. H. (1994). Campylomma verbasci (Heteroptera: Miridae): Pheromone-based seasonal flight patterns and prediction of nymphal densities in apple orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87(5): 1224-1229.
- McMullen, R. D., and Jong, C. (1970). The biology and influence of pesticides on Campylomma verbasci (Heteroptera: Miridae). The Canadian Entomologist, 102(11): 1390-1394.
- Myers, P., Espinosa, R., Parr, C. S., Jones, T., Hammond, G. S., and Dewey, T. A. (2023). The Animal Diversity Web [online]. Accessed at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Campylomma_verbasci/classification/.
- Rajesh, H. S., Udikeri, S. S., and Bhat, R. S. (2020). Molecular characterization of mirid bugs infesting cotton. Journal of Farm Sciences, 33(4): 441-447.
- Reding, M. E., Beers, E. H., Brunner, J. F., and Dunley, J. E. (2001). Influence of timing and prey availability on fruit damage to apple by Campylomma verbasci (Hemiptera: Miridae). Journal of economic entomology, 94(1): 33-38.
- Schaefer, C. W., and Panizzi, A. R. (2000). Economic importance of Heteroptera: a general view. In Heteroptera of economic importance, 25-30.
- Shurtleff, W., and Aoyagi, A. (2022). History of Sesame (100 CE to 2022): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook, Soyinfo Center.
- Šigut, M., Pyszko, P., Šigutová, H., Višňovská, D., Kostovčík, M., Kotásková, N., dorňák, O., Kolařík, M., and Drozd, P. (2022). Caterpillar Gut Microbiome: Fungi Are More Transient Than Bacteria.
- Stigter, H. E. N. K. (1995). Campylomma verbasci, a new pest on apple in the Netherlands. In International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 422: 140-144.
- Thistlewood, H. M. A., Borden, J. H., Smith, R. F., Pierce, H. D., and McMullen, R. D. (1989). Evidence for a sex pheromone in the mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer)(Heteroptera: Miridae). The Canadian Entomologist, 121(9): 737-744.
- Waterhouse, C. O. (1890). Aid to the Identification of Insects, EW Janson, 2.
- Wu, W. H. (2007). The contents of lignans in commercial sesame oils of Taiwan and their changes during heating. Food chemistry, 104(1): 341-344.